Others maintain interactional justice as a third independent dimension of justice. Some believe only in the traditional distinctions between procedural and distributive, where interactional justice is subsumed under procedural justice. There continues to be disagreements among researchers as to the number of independent dimensions of justice. That is, whereas procedural justice focuses on the fairness of organizational procedures involved in decisions, interactional justice deals more with how these decisions are conveyed to employees. Interactional justice is believed to be related to procedural justice, but in particular it describes how decisions are communicated to employees and focuses on interpersonal treatment. In the mid- to late 1980s, Bies suggested a third dimension of organizational justice that he called interactional justice. In fact, Leventhal suggested a set of rules to follow to ensure procedural justice that included accuracy, ethicality, and representativeness. Procedural justice is enhanced by providing employees with opportunities for voice or input into the process and by following fair and consistent rules. Thus, procedural justice, or the fairness of the processes used to determine outcomes, became a major research focus and this has continued into the 21st century. However, as it became clearer that employees’ reactions to organizational events were not based solely on their perceived notions of outcome fairness or distributive justice, the direction of research followed from work in social psychology and process-related issues began to be examined.
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Organizational researchers recognized the potential effect of distributive justice on organizational functioning and, thus, it has been a major focus of organization-based research since the 1980s.
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The focus of this work was on the fairness of outcomes, or what has become known as distributive justice.
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Levy, Christina Norris-Watts, in Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 2004 2 History of Justice in OrganizationsĪdams’ work on equity theory is the foundation for psychological work on fairness.